feat(project):添加欧拉项目第6题解决方案及相关依赖

📝 docs(project):添加Faulhaber公式详细文档说明
⬆️ chore(project):添加numpy依赖以支持数学计算
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2025-12-15 14:55:09 +08:00
parent 65999c8456
commit be3f920e72
4 changed files with 298 additions and 1 deletions

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@@ -4,4 +4,6 @@ version = "0.1.0"
description = "euler 项目的解题。主要为python。"
readme = "README.md"
requires-python = ">=3.12"
dependencies = []
dependencies = [
"numpy>=2.3.5",
]

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"""
The sum of the squares of the first ten natural numbers is 1^2 + 2^2 + ... + 10^2 = 385,
The square of the sum of the first ten natural numbers is (1+2+...+10)^2 = 55^2 = 3025,
Hence the difference between the sum of the squares of the first ten natural numbers and the square of the sum is 3025 - 385 = 2640.
Find the difference between the sum of the squares of the first one hundred natural numbers and the square of the sum.
"""
import time
import numpy as np
def timer(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
start = time.time()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
end = time.time()
print(f"{func.__name__} took {end - start:.6f} seconds")
return result
return wrapper
@timer
def sum_square_difference(n: int) -> int:
res = 0
for i in range(1, n + 1):
res += sum(np.array(list(range(1, i))) * i)
return 2 * res
@timer
def better_sum_square(n: int) -> int:
"""https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulhaber%27s_formula"""
su = ((1 + n) * n // 2) ** 2
sq = (2 * n + 1) * (n + 1) * n // 6
return su - sq
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(sum_square_difference(100))
print(better_sum_square(100))

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## 1. Faulhaber's Formula 概述
Faulhaber's formula 用于计算 **前 n 个正整数的 p 次幂之和**
$$S_p(n) = \sum_{k=1}^n k^p = 1^p + 2^p + 3^p + \cdots + n^p$$
公式的一般形式为:
$$S_p(n) = \frac{1}{p+1} \sum_{j=0}^p \binom{p+1}{j} B_j \cdot n^{p+1-j}$$
其中 $B_j$ 是伯努利数Bernoulli numbers
### 特例
**p = 0**: $S_0(n) = n$
**p = 1**: $S_1(n) = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}$(三角形数)
**p = 2**: $S_2(n) = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}$(平方金字塔数)
**p = 3**: $S_3(n) = \left[\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right]^2$(有趣的事实:等于 $S_1(n)^2$
## 2. 历史背景
- **Johann Faulhaber**1580-1635德国数学家计算了 $p=1$ 到 $p=17$ 的公式,但未发现通式
- **Jacob Bernoulli**1654-1705独立研究并发现了通用公式引入了伯努利数
- 公式因此以 Faulhaber 命名,但现代形式主要归功于 Bernoulli
## 3. 伯努利数Bernoulli Numbers详解
### 3.1 定义
伯努利数由生成函数定义:
$$\frac{x}{e^x - 1} = \sum_{k=0}^\infty B_k \frac{x^k}{k!}$$
### 3.2 递推关系
更实用的计算方法是**递推公式**
$$\sum_{k=0}^{m} \binom{m+1}{k} B_k = 0 \quad \text{对于} \ m \ge 1$$
由此可得:
$$B_m = -\frac{1}{m+1} \sum_{k=0}^{m-1} \binom{m+1}{k} B_k$$
### 3.3 前几个伯努利数
| n | $B_n$ | 说明 |
|---|-------|------|
| 0 | 1 | $B_0 = 1$ |
| 1 | -1/2 | |
| 2 | 1/6 | |
| 3 | 0 | 所有奇数大于1的都是0|
| 4 | -1/30 | |
| 5 | 0 | |
| 6 | 1/42 | |
| 7 | 0 | |
| 8 | -1/30 | |
| 9 | 0 | |
| 10 | 5/66 | |
| 12 | -691/2730 | 这是第一个分子大于1的|
| 14 | 7/6 | |
**重要性质**
- 对于所有奇数 $n > 1$,有 $B_n = 0$
- $B_1 = -1/2$ 是唯一的非零奇数项
- 符号交替变化:$B_2 > 0, B_4 < 0, B_6 > 0, \ldots$
### 3.4 计算示例
**计算 $B_2$**
使用递推式m=2
$$\binom{3}{0}B_0 + \binom{3}{1}B_1 + \binom{3}{2}B_2 = 0$$
$$1 \cdot 1 + 3 \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) + 3 \cdot B_2 = 0$$
$$1 - \frac{3}{2} + 3B_2 = 0$$
$$3B_2 = \frac{1}{2}$$
$$B_2 = \frac{1}{6}$$
**计算 $B_4$**
使用递推式m=4
$$\sum_{k=0}^4 \binom{5}{k} B_k = 0$$
$$1 \cdot 1 + 5 \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) + 10 \cdot \frac{1}{6} + 10 \cdot 0 + 5 \cdot B_4 = 0$$
$$1 - \frac{5}{2} + \frac{10}{6} + 5B_4 = 0$$
$$-\frac{3}{2} + \frac{5}{3} + 5B_4 = 0$$
$$-\frac{9}{6} + \frac{10}{6} + 5B_4 = 0$$
$$\frac{1}{6} + 5B_4 = 0$$
$$B_4 = -\frac{1}{30}$$
## 4. 使用 Faulhaber's Formula 计算具体例子
### 示例:计算 $S_4(n) = \sum_{k=1}^n k^4$
使用公式:
$$S_4(n) = \frac{1}{5} \sum_{j=0}^4 \binom{5}{j} B_j \cdot n^{5-j}$$
展开:
$$S_4(n) = \frac{1}{5}\left[\binom{5}{0}B_0 n^5 + \binom{5}{1}B_1 n^4 + \binom{5}{2}B_2 n^3 + \binom{5}{3}B_3 n^2 + \binom{5}{4}B_4 n\right]$$
代入伯努利数:
$$S_4(n) = \frac{1}{5}\left[1 \cdot 1 \cdot n^5 + 5 \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) n^4 + 10 \cdot \frac{1}{6} n^3 + 10 \cdot 0 \cdot n^2 + 5 \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{30}\right) n\right]$$
化简:
$$S_4(n) = \frac{1}{5}\left[n^5 - \frac{5}{2}n^4 + \frac{10}{6}n^3 - \frac{1}{6}n\right]$$
$$= \frac{1}{5}\left[n^5 - \frac{5}{2}n^4 + \frac{5}{3}n^3 - \frac{1}{6}n\right]$$
$$= \frac{n^5}{5} - \frac{n^4}{2} + \frac{n^3}{3} - \frac{n}{30}$$
通分后:
$$S_4(n) = \frac{6n^5 - 15n^4 + 10n^3 - n}{30}$$
$$= \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)(3n^2+3n-1)}{30}$$
## 5. 算法实现思路
### 计算伯努利数的 Python 代码框架:
```python
def bernoulli_numbers(n):
"""
计算前n个伯努利数 B_0 到 B_n
"""
B = [0] * (n + 1)
B[0] = 1 # B_0 = 1
for m in range(1, n + 1):
sum_val = 0
for k in range(m):
# 二项式系数 binomial(m+1, k)
binom = binomial_coefficient(m + 1, k)
sum_val += binom * B[k]
B[m] = -sum_val / (m + 1)
return B
```
### 计算幂和:
```python
def faulhaber_sum(p, n):
"""
使用Faulhaber公式计算 sum_{k=1}^n k^p
"""
B = bernoulli_numbers(p)
result = 0
for j in range(p + 1):
binom = binomial_coefficient(p + 1, j)
term = binom * B[j] * (n ** (p + 1 - j))
result += term
return result / (p + 1)
```
## 6. 重要关系与推广
### 6.1 与黎曼ζ函数的关系
对于偶数伯努利数:
$$B_{2k} = (-1)^{k+1} \frac{2(2k)!}{(2\pi)^{2k}} \zeta(2k)$$
例如:
- $\zeta(2) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$
- $B_2 = \frac{1}{6}$
### 6.2 与多项式的关系
$S_p(n)$ 是关于 $n$ 的 $p+1$ 次多项式,且:
- 常数项为 0
- 系数为有理数
- 首项系数为 $\frac{1}{p+1}$
### 6.3 生成函数视角
幂和也有生成函数表示:
$$\sum_{p=0}^\infty S_p(n) \frac{t^p}{p!} = \frac{t}{e^t - 1} \cdot \frac{e^{(n+1)t} - 1}{t}$$
这正是伯努利数生成函数与几何级数的乘积。
## 7. 计算复杂度与优化
- 直接计算:$O(n \cdot p)$(暴力求和)
- Faulhaber公式$O(p^2)$(计算伯努利数)+ $O(p)$(求值)
- 对于**固定p多次查询不同n**:预处理伯努利数后每次查询 $O(p)$
- 对于**大p**(如 $p > 10^6$):需要更高级算法和模运算

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@@ -2,7 +2,76 @@ version = 1
revision = 3
requires-python = ">=3.12"
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