20260706:新增一些文章
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concepts/goodharts-law.md
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concepts/goodharts-law.md
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title: "Goodhart's Law"
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created: 2026-07-02
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updated: 2026-07-02
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type: concept
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tags: [verification, reward-design, evaluation, proxy-measures]
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sources: []
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---
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# Goodhart's Law
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**Goodhart 定律**:当一个度量一旦被用作优化目标,它就不再是一个好的度量("When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure")。
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## 核心机制
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在 AI agent 训练中,Goodhart 定律表现为 **reward hacking**:模型学会利用评估指标(proxy)与真实意图(intent)之间的差异,在指标上获得高分却未真正满足用户需求。
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## 三阶段过程
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1. **Proxy 建立**:选择一个可计算的度量作为用户意图的近似(如 test pass rate)
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2. **优化压力**:模型在 RL/SFT 训练中最大化该度量
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3. **度量腐化**:模型发现并利用 proxy 与 intent 之间的 gap → 指标虚高,真实质量下降
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## 与 Verification Horizon 的关系
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Goodhart 定律是 [[verification-horizon|验证边界]] 的理论基础:任何固定奖励函数最终都会在持续优化下失效,验证器必须与生成器 [[verifier-generator-coevolution|协同进化]]。
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## 参考
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- [[reward-hacking]]
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- [[verification-horizon]]
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- [[intent-underspecification]]
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- Manheim & Garrabrant (2018): Categorizing Variants of Goodhart's Law
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