20260706:新增一些文章
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concepts/randomized-smoothing.md
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title: "随机平滑 (Randomized Smoothing)"
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created: 2026-07-04
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updated: 2026-07-04
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type: concept
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tags: [certification, robustness, probabilistic, smoothing]
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sources: ["Cohen et al., 2019"]
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---
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# 随机平滑 (Randomized Smoothing)
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一种概率式鲁棒性认证方法,通过对输入添加随机噪声并统计预测类别的概率下界,给出置信度意义下的鲁棒半径保证。
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## 核心思想
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- 对输入 $x$ 加高斯噪声:$\tilde{x} \sim \mathcal{N}(x, \sigma^2 I)$
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- 统计平滑预测器 $g(x) = \arg\max_c \mathbb{P}(f(\tilde{x}) = c)$
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- 若 $\mathbb{P}(f(\tilde{x}) = c_A) \geq \underline{p}$,则 $g$ 在 $L_2$ 半径 $R = \sigma \Phi^{-1}(\underline{p})$ 内不变
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## 优势与局限
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- **优势**:无需访问模型内部、适用于任意架构、统计保证
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- **局限**:基于像素扰动($L_p$ ball),不直接覆盖语义层变化
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## 语义鲁棒性认证的对比
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[[semantic-robustness-certification|语义鲁棒性认证]] 将认证从像素扰动扩展到开放词表语义方向,利用 VLM 嵌入几何做闭式分析,而非概率统计。
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## 参考
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- [[robustness-certification|鲁棒性认证]]
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- [[semantic-robustness-certification|语义鲁棒性认证]]
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- [[adversarial-robustness|对抗鲁棒性]]
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