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concepts/bayesian-filtering.md
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concepts/bayesian-filtering.md
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title: "贝叶斯滤波"
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created: 2026-06-22
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updated: 2026-06-22
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type: concept
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tags: [state-estimation, filtering, probabilistic-inference]
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sources: [nano-filter]
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---
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# 贝叶斯滤波
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Bayesian filtering 是状态估计最通用的框架,通过递归的**预测-更新**两步计算状态的后验分布 $p(x_t | y_{1:t})$。
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## 核心机制
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- **预测步**(Chapman-Kolmogorov 方程):利用转移概率 $p(x_t | x_{t-1})$ 从上一时刻后验预测先验分布
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$$
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p(x_t | y_{1:t-1}) = \int p(x_t | x_{t-1}) p(x_{t-1} | y_{1:t-1}) dx_{t-1}
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$$
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- **更新步**(Bayes 定理):利用测量似然 $p(y_t | x_t)$ 更新先验为后验
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$$
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p(x_t | y_{1:t}) = \frac{p(y_t | x_t) p(x_t | y_{1:t-1})}{\int p(y_t | x_t) p(x_t | y_{1:t-1}) dx_t}
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$$
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## 关键特性
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- 线性高斯系统 → Kalman filter 给出解析解
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- 非线性系统 → 需近似:Gaussian filter 族(参数化近似)或 Particle filter(离散采样近似)
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- [[nano-filter|NANO filter]] 从变分优化视角重新构造了 Gaussian 滤波,将预测步与更新步分别视为两个优化问题
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## 参考
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- [[kalman-filter|Kalman Filter]]
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- [[gaussian-filtering|Gaussian Filtering]]
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- [[nano-filter|NANO Filter]]
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