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concepts/positive-sample-reinforcement.md
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title: "Positive Sample Reinforcement (PSR)"
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created: 2026-05-18
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type: concept
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tags: ["reinforcement-learning", "LLM", "GRPO"]
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sources: ["https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14142"]
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---
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# Positive Sample Reinforcement (PSR)
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## 定义
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PSR 是 RL 中针对**正样本**(获得正 advantage 的样本)进行强化的机制:通过最大化 log π(y|x) 来鼓励正确的推理轨迹。
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## PreRL 中的退化
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虽然 PSR 和 [[negative-sample-reinforcement|NSR]] 的梯度方向对齐(都指向提升条件策略),但在**预训练空间** P(y) 中:
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- **PSR-PreRL** 无法有效学习 self-generated on-policy trajectories
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- 尽管能增加 π_θ(y|x) 的条件概率(验证了梯度协同效应),但最终导致性能退化
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- 对比:QFFT 使用 teacher model 的 out-of-distribution long-CoT 轨迹成功优化了同一目标 max P(y)
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### 关键教训
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> 在预训练空间中最大化 P(y) **严格需要高质量、分布外的专家示范(expert demonstrations)**。这是 on-policy RL 在预训练空间的根本性限制。
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## PSR vs NSR
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| 维度 | PSR-PreRL | NSR-PreRL |
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|------|-----------|-----------|
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| 学习效果 | 退化 | 极有效 |
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| 推理激发 | 弱 | 14.89× transitions |
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| 输出长度 | 正常 | 逐渐过长(双刃剑) |
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| 机制 | 累积概率质量 | 重新分配概率质量 |
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## 相关概念
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- [[negative-sample-reinforcement|NSR]] — 负样本强化的不对称优势
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- [[on-policy-learning-collapse|On-policy Learning Collapse]]
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- [[pre-train-space-reinforcement-learning|PreRL]]
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