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concepts/spherical-harmonic-features.md
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concepts/spherical-harmonic-features.md
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---
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title: "Spherical Harmonic Features (球谐特征)"
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created: 2026-07-10
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updated: 2026-07-10
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type: concept
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tags: ["spherical-harmonics", "directional-statistics", "harmonic-analysis", "gid"]
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sources: ["[[gid-sphere-2026|GID (You, 2026)]]"]
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---
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# Spherical Harmonic Features (球谐特征)
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在 [[geometric-information-decomposition|GID]] 中,嵌套特征空间 V_L 的标准选择是**完备球谐度空间**。
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## 构造
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在 S^{d-1} 上,球谐函数按**度** (degree) 组织:
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```
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V_L = span{ 所有球谐函数 up to degree L }
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```
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- V₀ = {0}(均匀分布)
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- V₁ = 线性球谐 — dim = d — 捕获平均方向
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- V₂ = 二次球谐 — dim = d(d+1)/2 - 1 — 捕获轴性、椭圆度
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- V₃+ = 三次及以上 — 捕获多模态
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## 关键性质
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### 旋转不变性
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完备球谐度空间在旋转群 SO(d) 作用下闭合 → GID 分解**旋转不变**:
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```
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D_L(g_#P) = D_L(P), I_L(g_#P) = I_L(P), ∀g ∈ SO(d)
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```
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### 维度扩展
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| d | dim(V₁) | dim(V₂) | dim(V₃) |
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|---|---------|---------|---------|
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| 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
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| 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
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| 10 | 10 | 54 | 154 |
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| 100 | 100 | 5049 | 166649 |
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高维场景(如嵌入向量 d ≥ 100)中,完全球谐拟合在计算上不可行 → GID 支持**结构化/投影特征空间**作为替代。
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## 与其他基的关系
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GID 明确设计为**基无关**的——任何满足连续性和嵌套条件的函数空间均可使用。球谐之所以被推荐,是因为:
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1. 旋转不变性
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2. 清晰的度数→几何结构对应
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3. 前两级与已知方向分布(vMF、Fisher-Bingham)精确对齐
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## 参考
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- [[geometric-information-decomposition|GID]]
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- [[maximum-entropy-projection|Maximum Entropy Projection]]
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- [[information-gap|Information Gap]]
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