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---
title: "Ramsey Numbers拉姆齐数"
created: 2026-05-11
updated: 2026-05-11
type: concept
tags: [combinatorics, graph-theory, extremal-combinatorics]
sources: [[ramsey-numbers-survey]]
---
# Ramsey Numbers拉姆齐数
## 定义
拉姆齐数 R(r,s) 是满足以下性质的最小正整数 n对完全图 K_n 的任意红蓝二色边着色,必然包含一个红色 K_r 或一个蓝色 K_s。
等价表述:任意 n 顶点图或其补图中必含 r-团或 s-独立集的最小 n。
## 核心性质
- **对称性**R(r,s) = R(s,r)
- **边界**R(k,2) = k
- **递归上界**R(r,s) ≤ R(r-1,s) + R(r,s-1)(鸽巢原理)
## 已知精确值
| k | R(k) | 来源 |
|---|------|------|
| 3 | 6 | 聚会问题 |
| 4 | 18 | Greenwood-Gleason 1955 |
| 5 | 43-48 | Exoo(↓), McKay-Radziszowski(↑) |
| 6 | 102-165 | 精确值未知 |
## 一般界
- **下界**Erdős 1947R(k) > 2^{k/2}
- **上界**Conlon 2009R(k) ≤ 4^k / √k
- **指数鸿沟**:底数 √2≈1.414)到 4 的差距是核心未解决问题
## 非平凡渐近阶
R(3,k) = Θ(k²/log k) 是少数渐近阶已完全确定的例子Ajtai-Komlós-Szemerédi 1980 + Kim 1995
## 相关概念
- [[diagonal-ramsey-number|对角拉姆齐数]]
- [[ramsey-theory|拉姆齐理论]]
- [[hypergraph-ramsey-number|超图拉姆齐数]]