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---
title: "不确定性量化 (Uncertainty Quantification)"
created: 2026-06-10
updated: 2026-06-10
type: concept
tags: ["bayesian-deep-learning", "clinical-ai", "model-calibration"]
sources: ["[[principled-uncertainty-clinical-ai]]"]
---
# 不确定性量化 (Uncertainty Quantification, UQ)
**不确定性量化**是将置信度/可靠性度量附加到模型预测上的系统性方法。在深度学习中确定性模型仅输出点估计UQ 方法则输出分布或置信区间。
## 核心分解
不确定性量化的基础是将不确定性分解为两类:
1. **[[aleatoric-uncertainty|随机不确定性]]**Aleatoric数据固有的不可减少噪声
2. **[[epistemic-uncertainty|认知不确定性]]**Epistemic模型知识的可减少不足
## 主要方法
| 方法 | 原理 | 代表工作 |
|------|------|---------|
| [[mc-dropout|MC Dropout]] | 推理时保持 Dropout多次前向传播 | Gal & Ghahramani (2016) |
| [[variational-autoencoder|VAE]] | 变分推断学习潜分布 | Kingma & Welling (2014) |
| Deep Ensembles | 独立训练多个网络 | Lakshminarayanan et al. (2017) |
| [[bayesian-deep-learning|贝叶斯神经网络]] | 权重上的分布 | Blundell et al. (2015) |
## 校准评估
[[expected-calibration-error|ECE]] 是衡量模型校准质量的标准度量:预测置信度与实际准确率的一致性。
## 临床 AI 中的特殊价值
在 [[clinical-ai|临床 AI]] 中UQ 不仅是技术属性——它是**公平性信号**。校准后的认知不确定性系统性地识别模型训练数据中代表性不足的患者群体([[uncertainty-equity-gap|UEG]]),揭示 [[algorithmic-equity|算法公平性]] 问题。
## 参考
- [[principled-uncertainty-clinical-ai|Principled Uncertainty in Clinical AI]]
- [[bayesian-deep-learning|贝叶斯深度学习]]
- [[expected-calibration-error|ECE]]